Carbon and Its Compounds class 10 notes pdf download
Complete Class 10 Notes with NCERT Solutions
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined due to its unique properties:
- Catenation: Ability to form long chains and rings
- Tetravalency: Forms 4 covalent bonds
- Isomerism: Same molecular formula but different structures
- Multiple bonding: Forms single, double and triple bonds
Key Concept:
Organic compounds are hydrocarbons and their derivatives where carbon is covalently bonded to other elements like H, O, N, etc.
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Key Concepts Covered
Covalent Bonding
- Sharing of electron pairs between atoms
- Types: Single, Double, Triple bonds
- Examples: Methane (CH₄), Ethene (C₂H₄), Ethyne (C₂H₂)
- Properties: Low MP/BP, Non-conductors, Soluble in organic solvents
Functional Groups
- Alcohols (-OH): Methanol, Ethanol
- Carboxylic Acids (-COOH): Methanoic acid
- Aldehydes (-CHO): Methanal
- Ketones (-CO-): Propanone
- Esters (-COOR): Sweet smelling
Homologous Series
Characteristics:
- Same functional group
- Same general formula
- Differ by CH₂ unit
- Gradual change in physical properties
- Similar chemical properties
Example: Alkane series (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂) – Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆), Propane (C₃H₈), etc.
Important Chemical Reactions
Combustion
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Heat
Oxidation
CH₃CH₂OH + [O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
Addition
CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃-CH₃
Esterification
CH₃COOH + CH₃OH → CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O
Exam Tip:
Remember to balance all chemical equations and include reaction conditions (like catalyst, temperature) for full marks.
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