Chemistry

Class 11th Chemistry Notes According to the Latest Syllabus Of JKBOSE and CBSE NCERT Books and Others Book.

Unit-I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

1. General Introduction: Importance of studying chemistry
2. Historical approach to particulate nature of matter
3. Laws of Chemical Combination (numerical)
4. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
5. Concept of elements, atoms & molecules
6. Atomic and molecular masses
7. Mole concept and molar mass
8. Percentage composition
9. Empirical and molecular formula
10. Chemical reactions
11. Stoichiometry and calculation based on stoichiometry
12. Download Notes PDF

Unit-II: Structure of Atom

1. Discovery of electron, proton, and neutron
2. Atomic number, isotopes, and isobars
3. Thompson’s model and its limitations
4. Rutherford’s model and its limitations
5. Bohr’s model & its limitations
6. Concept of shells and sub-shells
7. Dual nature of matter and light
8. De-Broglie’s relationship
9. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
10. Concept of orbitals, quantum numbers
11. Shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals
12. Rules for filling electrons in orbitals: Aufbau’s principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule
13. Electronic configuration of atoms
14. Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
15. Download PDF

Unit-III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

1. Significance of classification
2. Brief history of the development of the periodic table
3. Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table
4. Periodic trends in properties of elements
5. Atomic radii
6. Ionic radii
7. Inert gas radii
8. Ionization enthalpy
9. Electron gain enthalpy
10. Electronegativity
11. Valency

Unit-IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

1. Valence electrons
2. Ionic bond
3. Covalent bond
4. Bond parameters
5. Lewis structure
6. Polar character of covalent bond
7. Valence bond theory
8. Resonance
9. Geometry of covalent molecules
10. VSEPR theory
11. Concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules
12. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear molecules (Qualitative idea only)
13. Hydrogen bond

Unit-V: Thermodynamics

1. Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat
2. Energy-intensive and extensive properties
3. State functions
4. First Law of Thermodynamics
5. Internal energy
6. Enthalpy
7. Heat capacity, specific heat, molar heat capacity
8. Measurement of ΔE and ΔH
9. Hess’s law of constant heat summation
10. Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, and dilution
11. Introduction of entropy as a state function
12. Free energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process and equilibrium

Unit-VI: Equilibrium

1. Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
2. Dynamic nature of equilibrium
3. Law of mass action, equilibrium constant
4. Factors affecting equilibrium: Le-Chatelier’s principle
5. Equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization
6. Concept of pH
7. Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)
8. Buffer solutions
9. Solubility product
10. Common ion effect (with suitable examples)

Unit-VII: Redox Reactions

1. Concept of oxidation and reduction
2. Redox reactions
3. Oxidation number
4. Balancing of chemical equations in redox reactions
5. Applications of redox reactions

Unit-VIII: Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques

1. General introduction to organic chemistry
2. Methods of purification
3. Qualitative and quantitative analysis
4. Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
5. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyper-conjugation
6. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond
7. Free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations, and carbanions
8. Types of organic reactions

Unit-IX: Hydrocarbons

1. Classification of hydrocarbons
2. Alkanes: Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties
3. Chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion, and pyrolysis
4. Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of the double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism
5. Methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions – addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikov’s addition and peroxide effect)
6. Ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
7. Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure of the triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions
8. Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, and water
9. Aromatic hydrocarbons introduction
10. IUPAC nomenclature
11. Benzene resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties
12. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation
13. Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation
14. Directive influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene