Ordering of Sentences (Paragraph Completion)
Unlike "Ordering of Words", where you form a single sentence, "Ordering of Sentences" involves rearranging 4 or 6 jumbled sentences to form a coherent, logical paragraph. In the NDA exam, you are usually given the opening sentence (S1) and the closing sentence (S6), with four jumbled sentences (P, Q, R, S) in between. Your task is to find the correct sequence of P, Q, R, S.
Core Concept: A paragraph is a logical flow of ideas. It usually moves from General → Specific, Cause → Effect, or Chronologically (Time Order).
Key Strategies to Master Sentence Arrangement
- Find the Link with S1: Read the first fixed sentence (S1). Look for a sentence among P, Q, R, S that directly continues the idea, noun, or timeline mentioned in S1.
- Find the Link with S6: Look at the last fixed sentence (S6). Which sentence logically comes just before it to conclude the paragraph? If you find it, check the options ending with that letter.
- Pronoun Linkage: A sentence starting with He, She, It, They, This, That, These, Those cannot be the first sentence of a paragraph (unless it refers to something in S1). Find the noun it refers to in a previous sentence.
Example: "Raju went to market. He bought apples." - Transition Words: Look for connecting words like However, Therefore, On the other hand, Similarly, For example, Because.
• "However/But" indicates a contrast. The preceding sentence must state the opposite idea.
• "Therefore/Thus" indicates a conclusion or effect. - Chronological/Logical Order: Events happen in a timeline. A person is born, goes to school, gets a job, grows old. Arrange them logically. (Action → Reaction, Problem → Solution).
Understanding Through an Example
Example Problem:
S1: Once upon a time, there lived a king who was very cruel.
P: The people of his kingdom were terrified of him.
Q: He would punish anyone for the smallest of mistakes.
R: They secretly prayed for a change in leadership.
S: One day, a wise saint visited the kingdom.
S6: The saint's words eventually changed the king's heart.
Options: (a) Q P R S (b) P R Q S (c) Q S P R (d) P Q R S
Step-by-Step Analysis:
1. Link S1 to Next: S1 talks about a cruel king. Sentence Q expands on *why* he was cruel ("punish anyone for the smallest of mistakes"). So, S1 connects to Q.
2. Cause & Effect: Because he was cruel, what was the effect? The people were terrified. Therefore, Q connects to P.
3. Pronoun Linkage: "They secretly prayed" (R). Who is 'They'? The people of the kingdom (mentioned in P). So, P connects to R.
4. Link to S6: S6 talks about "The saint's words". Which sentence introduces the saint? Sentence S introduces the saint visiting the kingdom. Therefore, S must come just before S6.
5. Final Checking: First Q, then P, then R, finally S.
Correct Sequence: (a) Q P R S
1. Link S1 to Next: S1 talks about a cruel king. Sentence Q expands on *why* he was cruel ("punish anyone for the smallest of mistakes"). So, S1 connects to Q.
2. Cause & Effect: Because he was cruel, what was the effect? The people were terrified. Therefore, Q connects to P.
3. Pronoun Linkage: "They secretly prayed" (R). Who is 'They'? The people of the kingdom (mentioned in P). So, P connects to R.
4. Link to S6: S6 talks about "The saint's words". Which sentence introduces the saint? Sentence S introduces the saint visiting the kingdom. Therefore, S must come just before S6.
5. Final Checking: First Q, then P, then R, finally S.
Correct Sequence: (a) Q P R S
Practice Questions: Ordering of Sentences
Directions: In the following items, each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentence are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labelled P, Q, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly.
Practice Set (20 Questions)
Q1.
S1: A man stood on the edge of the cliff.
P: He looked down at the crashing waves below.
Q: He had been wandering in the dense forest for three days.
R: Now, finally, he had reached the ocean he was looking for.
S: His clothes were torn and he was completely exhausted.
S6: With a deep sigh of relief, he sat down on a rock.
Answer: (d) Q S R P
S1 introduces the man. Q explains how he got there (wandering). S describes his condition due to the wandering. R concludes his journey ('finally reached the ocean'), leading him to look at the waves (P is a bad fit after R because looking at waves fits S6 sitting down better). Let's re-evaluate: Q S R P -> He had been wandering... His clothes were torn... Now he reached the ocean... He looked down... He sat down. This is logically sound.
Q2.
S1: Marie Curie was one of the greatest scientists of her time.
P: She discovered radium alongside her husband.
Q: Her early life in Poland was full of hardships.
R: Despite this, she managed to secure admission in Paris.
S: It was in Paris that she conducted her groundbreaking research.
S6: For her incredible work, she was awarded two Nobel Prizes.
Answer: (a) Q R S P
S1 introduces her. Chronological order demands her early life (Q) first. 'Despite this' (R) links to the hardships in Q. She goes to Paris (R), then does research in Paris (S). What research? Discovering radium (P). Finally she gets Nobel Prizes (S6).
Q3.
S1: The modern city is a noisy place.
P: Furthermore, the constant honking of vehicles adds to the chaos.
Q: This endless clamor can lead to severe stress over time.
R: There is the roar of traffic starting from dawn.
S: Factories and construction sites also contribute heavily to the din.
S6: Therefore, many people prefer moving to quieter suburbs.
Answer: (a) R P S Q
S1 states the city is noisy. R gives the first example (traffic). P adds to traffic noise ('furthermore... honking'). S adds another example (factories). Q summarizes the effect of this noise ('endless clamor' leading to stress), which leads to the conclusion S6 (moving to suburbs).
Q4.
S1: Ancient Egypt left behind many enduring monuments.
P: They served as grand tombs for the pharaohs.
Q: The most famous of these are the Great Pyramids of Giza.
R: Inside, they were filled with treasures for the afterlife.
S: These structures required thousands of workers to build.
S6: Today, they continue to fascinate tourists and archaeologists alike.
Answer: (a) Q P R S
S1 mentions monuments. Q specifically names the most famous ones. P explains their purpose (tombs). R continues the description of the tombs (filled with treasures inside). S describes the building of 'these structures'. S connects to S6. Correct Sequence: Q P R S.
Q5.
S1: Elephants are highly intelligent and social animals.
P: They live in tight-knit family groups led by a matriarch.
Q: This older female passes down essential knowledge to the young.
R: Such knowledge includes finding water during severe droughts.
S: Without this guidance, the herd would struggle to survive.
S6: Their complex social structure is crucial for their existence.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces elephants. P describes their social groups and matriarch. Q refers to 'This older female' (the matriarch). R explains 'Such knowledge' mentioned in Q. S concludes the thought ('Without this guidance'). The chain is perfectly P-Q-R-S.
Q6.
S1: Reading books is an excellent habit.
P: It expands your vocabulary and improves your writing skills.
Q: Besides educational benefits, it also reduces stress significantly.
R: First and foremost, it increases your knowledge about various subjects.
S: This is why successful people always carry a book with them.
S6: In conclusion, one should read for at least thirty minutes everyday.
Answer: (a) R P Q S
S1 introduces reading as a habit. R starts with 'First and foremost' listing the first benefit. P adds another educational benefit. Q transitions to a non-educational benefit ('Besides educational benefits...'). S concludes the benefits ('This is why...').
Q7.
S1: The internet has transformed how we communicate.
P: However, it has also brought challenges like cyberbullying.
Q: We can now send messages globally in an instant.
R: Social media platforms have further accelerated this connectivity.
S: It's essential to use these tools responsibly to avoid harm.
S6: Digital literacy is, therefore, a mandatory skill today.
Answer: (a) Q R P S
S1 is about internet transforming communication. Q gives an example of this (sending messages instantly). R adds to this ('further accelerated'). P introduces a contrasting negative point ('However'). S gives a solution to P ('avoid harm'). This connects to S6.
Q8.
S1: Alexander the Great established a massive empire.
P: His military campaigns stretched from Greece to northwestern India.
Q: Despite his youth, he had never lost a single battle.
R: This unmatched success earned him absolute loyalty from his troops.
S: However, his sudden death led to the empire's rapid collapse.
S6: His legacy, nevertheless, heavily influenced Western history.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the empire. P describes its extent. Q describes his personal military record. R links to Q ('This unmatched success'). S provides the turning point ('However, his sudden death'), leading to S6.
Q9.
S1: Regular physical exercise is vital for good health.
P: It strengthens the heart and improves blood circulation.
Q: Additionally, it helps in maintaining an optimal body weight.
R: For these reasons, doctors strongly advocate a daily workout.
S: Mental health also benefits greatly from the release of endorphins.
S6: A healthy body truly houses a healthy mind.
Answer: (a) P Q S R
S1 introduces exercise. P gives the first physical benefit. Q gives an additional physical benefit. S transitions to mental health. R sums up the reasons ('For these reasons'). The best flow is P (physical), Q (physical), S (mental), R (conclusion of benefits). Let's stick with P Q S R.
Q10.
S1: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century.
P: It marked a shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing.
Q: This shift dramatically increased the production of goods.
R: Consequently, many people moved from rural areas to cities.
S: They sought employment in the newly built factories.
S6: This massive urbanization reshaped society completely.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the revolution. P defines what it was ('shift'). Q links directly ('This shift'). R explains the consequence of this shift (movement to cities). S explains why they moved ('sought employment'). S6 concludes on urbanization.
Q11.
S1: Water scarcity is becoming a global crisis.
P: Rapid population growth is drastically increasing the demand for water.
Q: Simultaneously, climate change is altering rainfall patterns.
R: This combination of factors leads to severe droughts in many regions.
S: As rivers dry up, agriculture suffers intensely.
S6: Ultimately, this threatens food security worldwide.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces scarcity. P gives the first cause (population). Q gives the second cause (climate change). R links the two ('This combination'). S shows the effect of droughts (agriculture suffers), which links to S6 (food security).
Q12.
S1: The art of origami originated in Japan.
P: It involves folding a single sheet of paper into various shapes.
Q: Traditionally, no cutting or gluing of the paper is allowed.
R: Artists create stunning figures of animals and flowers.
S: Learning this craft requires immense patience and precision.
S6: Today, it is practiced by enthusiasts all over the world.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces origami. P defines it ('folding paper'). Q adds a traditional rule ('no cutting'). R describes the output ('stunning figures'). S adds a requirement ('patience'), leading to the concluding thought in S6.
Q13.
S1: Fossils provide crucial evidence about ancient life.
P: They are the preserved remains or traces of long-dead organisms.
Q: Most fossils are found embedded in sedimentary rocks.
R: By studying them, scientists can reconstruct extinct species.
S: This helps us understand how evolution occurred over millions of years.
S6: Paleontology is the scientific field dedicated to this study.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces fossils. P defines what they are. Q tells where they are found. R explains what happens 'By studying them'. S explains the result ('This helps us understand'), linking to S6 (study of Paleontology).
Q14.
S1: Many people struggle to manage their time effectively.
P: They often spend too much time on unimportant tasks.
Q: This leads to missed deadlines and increased anxiety.
R: To fix this, creating a daily schedule is highly recommended.
S: Prioritizing tasks based on urgency is also a crucial step.
S6: With practice, time management becomes a natural habit.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 states the problem. P gives the reason ('spend too much time'). Q gives the effect ('missed deadlines'). R provides the first solution ('daily schedule'). S provides the second solution ('prioritizing').
Q15.
S1: The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert on Earth.
P: Its sheer size is almost comparable to the United States.
Q: Temperatures can soar above fifty degrees Celsius during the day.
R: However, at night, it can become freezing cold.
S: Despite these extreme conditions, some nomadic tribes live there.
S6: They have beautifully adapted to this harsh environment.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the desert. P elaborates on its 'largest' aspect (size). Q discusses daytime temperature. R contrasts it with nighttime temperature ('However'). S transitions to human life ('Despite these extreme conditions'), linking to S6 ('They').
Q16.
S1: Renewable energy sources are the future of power generation.
P: Unlike fossil fuels, they do not emit harmful greenhouse gases.
Q: Solar and wind power are currently the most popular forms.
R: The cost of installing these technologies is rapidly decreasing.
S: This makes them highly accessible to developing nations.
S6: Eventually, they will completely replace traditional coal plants.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces renewable energy. P states their main advantage over fossil fuels. Q gives examples of them. R talks about their decreasing cost. S links to the cost ('This makes them accessible').
Q17.
S1: Learning a new language can be a challenging journey.
P: At first, the grammar rules may seem confusing and illogical.
Q: Pronunciation also requires a lot of repetitive practice.
R: However, consistent effort yields steady improvement.
S: Soon, you find yourself forming complete sentences easily.
S6: The joy of communicating in a foreign tongue is unparalleled.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the challenge. P explains the first challenge (grammar). Q explains the second challenge (pronunciation). R introduces the turning point ('However'). S shows the successful result ('Soon, you find yourself...').
Q18.
S1: Space exploration has always fascinated humanity.
P: In the mid-20th century, the space race began in earnest.
Q: The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik.
R: In response, the United States accelerated its Apollo program.
S: This competition culminated in the 1969 moon landing.
S6: Today, our focus has shifted towards reaching Mars.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
Chronological order: P states the start of the race. Q states the first event (Sputnik). R states the reaction (Apollo). S states the culmination (moon landing).
Q19.
S1: A healthy diet is crucial for a strong immune system.
P: Fruits and vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals.
Q: These nutrients help white blood cells fight off infections.
R: Processed foods, on the other hand, offer zero nutritional value.
S: They merely load the body with excess sugar and unhealthy fats.
S6: Therefore, making wise food choices is a daily necessity.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces healthy diet. P gives examples of healthy food. Q explains the benefit of 'These nutrients' from P. R introduces a contrasting point (processed foods). S elaborates on the negative effects of processed foods ('They merely load...').
Q20.
S1: The invention of printing press was a turning point in history.
P: Before it, books were handwritten and extremely expensive.
Q: Only the wealthy elite and the clergy could afford them.
R: Johannes Gutenberg's machine changed this dynamic entirely.
S: It allowed for the mass production of books at a low cost.
S6: Consequently, literacy rates surged across Europe.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the press. P describes the situation 'Before it'. Q expands on P (who could afford the expensive books). R introduces Gutenberg changing things. S explains how the machine worked ('mass production'). S6 is the consequence.
Ordering of Sentences (Previous Year Questions)
Directions: In the following items, each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentence are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labelled P, Q, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly.
Important PYQs
NDA 2023 (II)
S1: A century ago, the cinema was just a mechanical toy.
P: Thus, it gained respectability and acceptance.
Q: It gradually came to be considered an art form.
R: By the 1920s, even the worst films had an underlying narrative plot.
S: Initially, people thought it would not last long.
S6: Today, it is recognized as the most influential art of the 20th century.
Answer: (a) S Q P R
S1 states cinema was poor initially. S expands on this negative perception. Q introduces its transformation into art. P gives the result of this ('gained respectability'). R discusses the 1920s narrative development, acting as a bridge to 'Today' (S6).
NDA 2023 (I)
S1: The earth's temperature is rising rapidly.
P: This phenomenon is known as global warming.
Q: It is primarily caused by human activities like deforestation.
R: Consequently, polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate.
S: The burning of fossil fuels also plays a major role.
S6: Urgent action is needed to prevent coastal cities from sinking.
Answer: (a) P Q S R
S1 introduces rising temp. P names it (global warming). Q gives the first cause. S gives the second cause ('also plays a major role'). R gives the consequence (melting ice caps), which directly leads to S6 (coastal cities sinking).
NDA 2022 (II)
S1: Education is not merely acquiring facts.
P: It is the training of the mind to think.
Q: A mind filled with facts is like a dictionary.
R: However, interpreting those facts requires wisdom.
S: True education fosters this wisdom and critical thinking.
S6: Therefore, schools must focus beyond rote learning.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 says what education is *not*. P immediately says what it *is*. Q presents an analogy for just facts. R contrasts 'facts' with 'wisdom'. S concludes what true education does ('fosters this wisdom'), leading to the S6 conclusion.
NDA 2022 (I)
S1: Gandhi believed in non-violent resistance.
P: He termed this unique weapon as 'Satyagraha'.
Q: It required immense moral courage from the participants.
R: Through this, he challenged the mighty British Empire.
S: Many critics initially thought it was a weak strategy.
S6: However, it ultimately proved successful in gaining freedom.
Answer: (b) P Q R S
S1 introduces non-violence. P introduces the term for it ('Satyagraha'). Q explains what 'it' required. R shows the action he took ('Through this, he challenged'). S introduces the critics' view ('weak strategy'), which contrasts beautifully with S6 ('However, it proved successful').
NDA 2021 (II)
S1: Artificial Intelligence is transforming various industries.
P: In healthcare, it assists in diagnosing rare diseases.
Q: Similarly, the finance sector uses it for fraud detection.
R: These applications increase efficiency significantly.
S: But they also raise concerns about job displacement.
S6: A balance must be found between automation and human labor.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces AI transforming industries. P gives the first example (healthcare). Q gives the second example (finance). R summarizes the positive effect ('increase efficiency'). S introduces the negative contrast ('But they also raise concerns'), linking to S6 (finding a balance).
NDA 2021 (I)
S1: The origin of life on Earth remains a profound mystery.
P: Scientists have proposed several theories over the years.
Q: The most widely accepted is the chemical evolution theory.
R: It suggests life began in a 'primordial soup' of organic molecules.
S: Lightning and UV radiation provided the necessary energy.
S6: These molecules eventually formed the first simple cells.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the mystery. P states scientists proposed theories. Q singles out the most accepted one. R defines what 'It' (the theory) suggests. S explains the mechanism (lightning provided energy to the soup), linking to S6 (molecules formed cells).
NDA 2020 (I & II)
S1: Reading poetry can be a deeply moving experience.
P: Unlike prose, poetry relies heavily on rhythm and imagery.
Q: These structural elements evoke strong emotions in the reader.
R: A single well-crafted stanza can alter your perspective entirely.
S: However, one must read it slowly to grasp its true essence.
S6: Rushing through a poem ruins its intended musicality.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces poetry reading. P explains how it differs from prose (rhythm and imagery). Q explains what 'These structural elements' do. R expands on the emotional impact. S provides advice ('read it slowly'), which is directly explained by S6 ('Rushing through ruins it').
NDA 2019 (II)
S1: The ancient Olympics were quite different from the modern games.
P: They were held primarily as a religious festival.
Q: The events were dedicated to the Greek god Zeus.
R: Furthermore, only free Greek men were allowed to participate.
S: Women were strictly prohibited from even watching the contests.
S6: Today's Olympics, however, are a global and inclusive celebration.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 states they were different. P gives the first reason (religious festival). Q expands on the religion (dedicated to Zeus). R gives the second difference (only men allowed). S expands on the exclusion (women prohibited). S6 contrasts this with 'Today'.
NDA 2019 (I)
S1: Many species of animals are currently facing extinction.
P: Habitat destruction is the primary culprit behind this crisis.
Q: Forests are being cleared rapidly for urban development.
R: Poaching and illegal wildlife trade further worsen the situation.
S: Consequently, populations of tigers and rhinos have plummeted.
S6: Strict conservation laws must be enforced immediately to save them.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces extinction. P gives the primary cause (habitat destruction). Q gives an example of habitat destruction (forests cleared). R gives a secondary cause (poaching). S gives the consequence of these actions (populations plummeted). S6 proposes the solution.
NDA 2018 (II)
S1: The value of discipline in a student's life is immeasurable.
P: It helps them organize their daily routine effectively.
Q: Without it, achieving academic excellence is merely a dream.
R: For instance, a disciplined student submits assignments on time.
S: They also ensure adequate time is allocated for revision.
S6: Such habits inevitably pave the way for a successful future.
Answer: (a) Q P R S
S1 introduces discipline. Q gives the negative consequence of lacking it ('Without it'). P gives the positive function ('It helps them organize'). R gives an example of this organization ('For instance'). S adds to the example ('They also ensure'). S6 concludes on 'Such habits'.
NDA 2018 (I)
S1: Tourism is a major source of revenue for many island nations.
P: It creates thousands of jobs in the hospitality sector.
Q: However, unrestricted tourism can damage fragile ecosystems.
R: Coral reefs, for example, suffer greatly from pollution.
S: Thus, promoting eco-friendly travel has become essential.
S6: Sustainable practices ensure the islands remain beautiful for generations.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces tourism revenue. P expands on the positive aspect (jobs). Q introduces the negative contrast ('However'). R gives an example of the damage mentioned in Q (coral reefs). S offers the solution ('Thus, promoting eco-friendly travel'), linking to S6 ('Sustainable practices').
NDA 2017 (II)
S1: Learning a musical instrument enhances cognitive abilities.
P: It requires the brain to process multiple signals simultaneously.
Q: Reading sheet music, for instance, improves visual-spatial skills.
R: At the same time, finger movements improve motor coordination.
S: This intense mental workout strengthens neural connections.
S6: Consequently, musicians often excel in mathematics and logic.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the benefit. P explains *how* it requires brain processing. Q gives the first example (reading music -> visual). R gives the second example ('At the same time' -> finger movements -> motor). S summarizes this as an 'intense mental workout', linking to the consequence in S6.
NDA 2017 (I)
S1: The deep ocean remains largely unexplored.
P: The immense pressure makes it difficult for humans to descend.
Q: Furthermore, no sunlight penetrates below 1,000 meters.
R: As a result, specialized robotic submarines are used.
S: These machines can withstand the hostile environment.
S6: They send back fascinating images of bizarre deep-sea creatures.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 states it's unexplored. P gives the first reason (pressure). Q gives the second reason (no sunlight). R gives the solution to these problems ('As a result, robotic submarines'). S expands on the robotic submarines ('These machines'). S6 ('They send back images') refers back to these machines.
NDA 2016 (II)
S1: A leader must possess clear vision and excellent communication skills.
P: Having a vision provides direction to the entire team.
Q: However, a vision is useless if it cannot be articulated.
R: Communication bridges the gap between the leader and followers.
S: It ensures everyone is working towards a common goal.
S6: Ultimately, this synergy leads to organizational success.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 lists two traits: vision and communication. P discusses the first trait (vision). Q transitions to the second trait ('useless if cannot be articulated'). R discusses the second trait (communication). S explains the benefit of communication ('It ensures'). S6 concludes on 'synergy'.
NDA 2016 (I)
S1: Stress is a silent killer in modern society.
P: It elevates blood pressure and heart rate constantly.
Q: Over prolonged periods, this damages the cardiovascular system.
R: To combat this, taking regular breaks is highly advised.
S: Engaging in hobbies also provides mental relaxation.
S6: A relaxed mind is far more productive and healthy.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 states stress is a killer. P explains how (elevates blood pressure). Q gives the long-term effect of P. R offers the first solution ('To combat this'). S offers the second solution ('hobbies'). S6 concludes on the 'relaxed mind'.
NDA 2015 (II)
S1: Coffee was first discovered in ancient Ethiopia.
P: According to legend, a goat herder noticed its energizing effects.
Q: His goats became highly active after eating red berries.
R: Curious, the herder tasted the berries himself.
S: He felt an immediate surge of energy and alertness.
S6: Soon, the knowledge of this magical berry spread globally.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces coffee in Ethiopia. P introduces the legend of the goat herder. Q explains what the herder noticed (goats eating berries). R describes the herder's action ('tasted the berries himself'). S describes the result on him ('felt a surge').
NDA 2015 (I)
S1: Effective public speaking requires thorough preparation.
P: You must first outline the key points you wish to convey.
Q: Next, draft a compelling opening to grab attention.
R: Practicing in front of a mirror helps overcome nervousness.
S: It also allows you to monitor your body language.
S6: Finally, deliver your speech with passion and confidence.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces the topic. P gives the first step ('You must first outline'). Q gives the second step ('Next, draft'). R gives a preparation tip ('Practicing'). S expands on the benefit of practicing ('It also allows you'). S6 concludes ('Finally').
NDA 2014 (II)
S1: The Taj Mahal is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture.
P: It was commissioned in 1632 by Emperor Shah Jahan.
Q: He built it as a mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
R: The complex is constructed entirely of white marble.
S: Precious stones were intricately inlaid into the marble surfaces.
S6: It remains a universal symbol of eternal love.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces Taj Mahal. P gives the historical details of commission. Q gives the reason ('He built it'). R transitions to describing the building ('white marble'). S expands on the marble decoration ('inlaid into the marble').
NDA 2014 (I)
S1: Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by bees.
P: They collect nectar from various flowering plants.
Q: This nectar is then brought back to the hive.
R: Inside the hive, it undergoes a process of regurgitation and evaporation.
S: This process transforms the thin nectar into thick honey.
S6: Beekeepers then extract it carefully from the honeycombs.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces honey and bees. P starts the process (bees collect nectar). Q continues the process (brought to hive). R happens 'Inside the hive' (undergoes process). S results from the process ('transforms nectar into honey'), leading to S6.
NDA 2013 (II)
S1: Getting enough sleep is crucial for optimal brain function.
P: During sleep, the brain consolidates memories from the day.
Q: It also clears out harmful toxins that accumulate while awake.
R: Lack of sleep disrupts these vital restorative processes.
S: This leads to poor concentration and mood swings.
S6: To perform well, aim for at least seven hours nightly.
Answer: (a) P Q R S
S1 introduces sleep and brain function. P gives the first brain function during sleep (memories). Q gives the second ('It also clears'). R introduces the negative contrast ('Lack of sleep disrupts'). S gives the consequence of R ('This leads to poor concentration').
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