Notes - Reproduction - Class 10

Reproduction

Overview: Asexual Reproduction (Fission, Budding, Spore, Vegetative), Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Humans, Reproductive Health.

1. Asexual Reproduction

Single parent involved.

Fission: Binary (Amoeba), Multiple (Plasmodium).
Fragmentation: Spirogyra.
Regeneration: Planaria, Hydra.
Budding: Hydra, Yeast.
Vegetative Propagation: Stem (Potato), Leaf (Bryophyllum), Root (Sweet Potato).
Spore Formation: Rhizopus (Bread mould).

2. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Flower: Reproductive part. Stamen (Male - Pollen), Carpel/Pistil (Female - Ovary, Style, Stigma).

Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. (Self/Cross).

Double Fertilization: Male gamete fuses with egg → Zygote. Other fuses with polar nuclei.

3. Human Reproduction

Male System: Testis (Sperm/Testosterone), Vas deferens, Prostate, Urethra, Penis.

Female System: Ovary (Egg/Estrogen), Fallopian tube (Fertilization site), Uterus (Womb), Vagina.

Placenta: Disc tissue nourishing embryo.

4. Reproductive Health

Contraception: Mechanical (Condom/Copper-T), Chemical (Pills), Surgical (Vasectomy/Tubectomy).

NCERT In-Text Questions (Solved)

Page 128

Q1. Importance of DNA copying in reproduction?

DNA carries hereditary information (Blueprint). Copying ensures offspring receives similar body design and characteristics. Errors in copying lead to variation (Evolution).

Q2. Why is variation beneficial to species?

It helps species survive in changing environments (like temperature, bacterial attack). If all are identical, a drastic change might wipe out the entire population.

Page 133

Q1. Binary fission vs Multiple fission?

Binary: Parent splits into 2 daughters (Amoeba).
Multiple: Parent splits into many daughters (Plasmodium).

Q2. How will organism benefit from spores?

Spores are covered by thick walls to survive harsh conditions. When conditions are favorable, they germinate. Helps in survival and dispersal.

Q3. Can complex organisms regenerate? Why?

No. Complex organisms have specialized tissues and organs organized in system. They cannot grow entire body from a cut piece like Planaria.

Q4. Why vegetative propagation utilized?

1. Plants bear flowers/fruits earlier.
2. Plants having lost capacity to produce seeds (Banana, Rose) can reproduce.
3. Offspring are genetically identical.

Q5. Why DNA copying essential?

Before cell division, DNA must be doubled so each daughter cell gets a full set of chromosomes.

Page 140

Q1. How is pollination different from fertilization?

Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Physical process.
Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes inside ovary. Biological process.

Q2. Role of Seminal vesicles and Prostate gland?

They secrete fluid which makes sperm transport easier and provides nutrition to them.

Q3. Changes in girls at puberty?

Breast development, Start of menstruation, Hair growth (armpits/genital), Oily skin.

Q4. How embryo gets nourishment inside mother?

Through a special tissue called Placenta connecting embryo to uterine wall. It provides glucose/oxygen from mother's blood to embryo and removes waste.

Q5. If egg is not fertilized?

The thick uterine lining (prepared for pregnancy) breaks down and comes out as blood and mucus. This is called Menstruation.

Page 142

Q1. Contraceptive methods?

1. Barrier (Condom).
2. Chemical (Pills).
3. IUD (Copper-T).
4. Surgical (Vasectomy/Tubectomy).

Q2. Use of contraceptive benefits?

Prevents unwanted pregnancy, population control, gap between children, and protects from STDs (Barrier method).

Exercise Solutions - Reproduction - Class 10

NCERT Exercise Questions

Complete solutions for Chapter 7 exercises.

Q1. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in?

(b) Yeast.

Q2. Which is not a part of female reproductive system?

(c) Vas deferens (It is part of male system).

Q3. The anther contains?

(d) Pollen grains.

Q4. Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual?

Sexual reproduction leads to Variation (mixing of DNA). Variations help species survive in changing environment and lead to Evolution. Asexual produces identical clones, less adaptable.

Q5. Functions of testis in humans?

1. Production of Male gametes (Sperms).
2. Secretion of hormone Testosterone (puberty changes).

Q6. Menstruation causes?

When egg is not fertilized, the thick uterine lining breaks down. Blood and mucus come out through vagina. Cyclic process every 28 days.

Q7. Longitudinal section of flower (Diagram).

Parts: Sepal, Petal, Stamen (Anther, Filament), Carpel (Stigma, Style, Ovary).

Q8. How does contraception help?

Prevention of pregnancy, family planning, health of mother, prevention of STDs (condoms).

Q9. How are modes of reproduction different in uni/multicellular?

Unicellular: Mostly Asexual (Fission). Simple cell division.
Multicellular: Complex. Sexual reproduction (Gamete fusion) or complex Asexual (Vegetative, Spore). Specialized organs.

Q10. How reproduction helps stability of population?

It ensures continuity of species generation after generation. Birth rate balances death rate to maintain population stability.

Q11. Why could use of contraceptive methods be justified?

To control population explosion. To maintain health of women (avoid frequent pregnancies). To prevent STDs.

Formulas & Facts - Reproduction - Class 10

Key Terms & Facts

Definitions and important biological examples.

Important Terms

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Zygote Fertilized Egg (Sperm + Ovum)

Embryo Developing Baby

Foetus Features Identified Baby

Placenta Disc for Nutrition

Menstruation Monthly uterine bleeding

50 Important Facts

1. Reproduction ensures continuity of species.

2. DNA is genetic material.

3. DNA copying is essential for reproduction.

4. Variation is basis of evolution.

5. Amoeba reproduces by Binary Fission.

6. Plasmodium reproduces by Multiple Fission.

7. Kala-azar is caused by Leishmania.

8. Leishmania has whip-like structure.

9. Spirogyra reproduces by Fragmentation.

10. Regeneration is seen in Planaria and Hydra.

11. Regeneration uses specialized cells.

12. Budding is seen in Hydra and Yeast.

13. Bryophyllum buds grow on leaf notches.

14. Tissue culture is used for ornamental plants.

15. Rhizopus (Bread Mould) uses Spores.

16. Flower is reproductive part of angiosperms.

17. Stamen is male part.

18. Pistil (Carpel) is female part.

19. Unisexual: Papaya, Watermelon.

20. Bisexual: Hibiscus, Mustard.

21. Pollen grains are yellow powdery substance.

22. Pollination is transfer of pollen.

23. Pollen tube carries male gamete to ovary.

24. Fertilization results in Zygote.

25. Ovule develops into Seed.

26. Ovary ripens into Fruit.

27. Petals and Sepals fall off after fertilization.

28. Puberty changes in boys: Voice cracks, facial hair.

29. Puberty changes in girls: Breast dev, menstruation.

30. Sperm production needs temp lower than body.

31. Testes are located in Scrotum.

32. Vas deferens joins urethra.

33. Semen = Sperm + Gland secretions.

34. One egg released every month by ovary.

35. Fertilization occurs in Fallopian tube.

36. Zygote divides to form Embryo.

37. Placenta has villi on embryo side.

38. Gestation period in humans is 9 months.

39. Menstruation lasts 2-8 days.

40. Menarche is start of menstruation.

41. Menopause is stop of menstruation (45-50 yrs).

42. STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

43. Bacterial STDs: Gonorrhoea, Syphilis.

44. Viral STDs: Warts, HIV-AIDS.

45. Condoms prevent pregnancy and STDs.

46. Copper-T is placed in Uterus.

47. Oral pills change hormonal balance.

48. Vasectomy: Vas deferens cut/tied.

49. Tubectomy: Fallopian tube cut/tied.

50. Female foeticide is illegal.

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