Development - Long Answer Questions
It involves thinking about the ways in which we can work towards achieving our goals. It has many aspects like income, quality of life, freedom, etc.
Total Income of the country divided by its total population. Also called Average Income. Used by World Bank to classify countries.
It hides disparities. It does not tell us how the income is distributed among the people. (e.g., Country A has equitable distribution, Country B has one super rich and many poor).
Number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. Indicates health status.
Proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
Body Mass Index. Weight (kg) divided by Height squared (m). <18.5 is undernourished, >25 is overweight.
Published by UNDP. It compares countries based on educational levels, health status (Life Expectancy), and per capita income. It gives a broader picture than just income.
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Focuses on not exhausting resources.
Resources that are replenished by nature (e.g., Groundwater). However, they can be overused.
Resources that will get exhausted after years of use. They have a fixed stock on earth (e.g., Crude Oil).
Punjab has higher per capita income, but Kerala has better human development indicators (lower IMR, higher literacy) because of adequate public facilities (PDS, health, education).
Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines, or protection from infectious diseases.
Facilities provided by the government like schools, hospitals, PDS, transport, which are necessary for collective living and development.
If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. A safe environment allows more women to work.
Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
Gross National Income.
Due to agricultural prosperity (tube wells) and lack of regulation.
As per World Development Report 2017, PCI of US$ 12,056 per annum and above.
PCI of US$ 955 or less.
Development - Important Facts
Different people have different developmental goals.
What may be development for one may be destructive for another (e.g., Dam).
Income is the most common indicator.
World Bank uses PCI to classify countries.
UNDP uses HDI.
Sri Lanka has better HDI rank than India.
India's HDI rank is 130 (2018).
Kerala has low IMR.
Bihar has high IMR.
Groundwater overuse is critical in Punjab/Western UP.
Crude oil reserves may last only 50 years.
US uses huge share of world's oil.
Environment degradation respects no borders.
Sustainability is a new area of knowledge.
Scientists, economists, philosophers work on sustainability.
Small is Beautiful (Schumacher).
Nepal has half India's PCI but not far behind in other areas.
BMI tells nutritional status.
PDS works well in Tamil Nadu.
Development - Important Dates/Terms
Development is ongoing process