Manufacturing Industries

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

1. Modernizes agriculture. 2. Provides jobs (Secondary/Tertiary). 3. Exports bring foreign exchange. 4. Eradicates poverty.

When industries come together (in cities) to make use of advantages offered by urban centres (Banking, Insurance, Transport, Labour).

Raw material, Labour, Capital, Power, Market, Government policies.

Use plant/animal based raw materials. (Cotton, Jute, Sugar, Edible Oil).

Use minerals as raw material. (Iron & Steel, Aluminium, Cement, Petrochemicals).

Industries which supply their products as raw materials to other industries (e.g., Iron and Steel, Copper smelting).

Industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers (Sugar, Toothpaste, Fans).

Erratic power supply, obsolete machinery, low labour output, stiff competition from synthetic fibre.

1. Proximity to jute producing areas. 2. Cheap water transport. 3. Cheap labour from WB/Bihar. 4. Kolkata port/finance.

1. Cane here has higher sucrose content. 2. Cooler climate ensures longer crushing season. 3. Cooperatives are more successful.

Raw materials (Iron ore, coking coal, limestone) and finished goods are heavy and bulky. Entail heavy transport costs.

Smaller, use electric furnaces, use steel scrap/sponge iron. produce mild/alloy steel.

Large plant handling everything from raw material to rolling/shaping steel.

High cost, limited coking coal, irregular power, poor labour productivity.

Business Process Outsourcing. The IT industry employs many people in BPO sector.

Air (Smoke/Gases), Water (Effluents), Thermal (Hot water), Noise (Machines).

National Thermal Power Corporation. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System). It minimizes pollution.

Treat effluents (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary treatment). ESP (Electrostatic Precipitators) in chimneys. Recycle water.

Bengaluru.

Manufacturing is backbone of development.

NMCC (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) set up.

Textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production.

First cotton mill: Mumbai 1854.

Spinning is centralized (Maharashtra/Gujarat/TN).

Weaving is decentralized.

India exports yarn to Japan.

India has world's 2nd largest installed capacity of spindles.

Jute: India is largest producer.

National Jute Policy 2005.

Sugar: India is 2nd largest producer.

Iron and Steel: India is largest producer of Sponge Iron.

Ratio of Iron Ore : Coking coal : Limestone is 4 : 2 : 1.

Chhotanagpur plateau has max steel plants.

SAIL markets steel from PSUs.

TISCO is private (Tata).

Aluminium smelting is 2nd most important metallurgical industry.

Chemical industry is growing fast.

Fertilizer industry: Nitrogenous (Urea), Phosphatic (DAP), Potash (Imported).

India is 3rd largest Nitrogenous fertilizer producer.

Cement needs Limestone, Silica, Alumina, Gypsum.

First cement plant: Chennai 1904.

Automobile industry boomed after liberalization.

IT industry employs 30% women.

STPI (Software Technology Parks of India).

Bhopal Gas Tragedy was industrial disaster.

First Cotton Mill

First Cement Plant

National Jute Policy