Minerals and Energy Resources

A homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. The mineral content must be sufficient for commercial extraction.

1. Igneous/Metamorphic rocks (Cracks/Crevices/Veins/Lodes). 2. Sedimentary rocks (Beds/Layers - Coal/Iron). 3. Decomposition of surface rocks (Bauxite). 4. Alluvial deposits (Placer deposits - Gold). 5. Ocean waters (Salt/Magnesium/Nodules).

In NE India (Jowai/Cherrapunji), minerals like coal are mined by families digging a long narrow tunnel. Illegal and unsafe.

Minerals containing iron. (Iron ore, Manganese). Account for 3/4th of metallic minerals.

Minerals without iron. (Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc, Gold).

Magnetite (Finest, 70% iron, magnetic). Hematite (Industrial, 50-60% iron).

Manufacturing steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Also bleaching powder, insecticides, paints.

The ore from which Aluminium is obtained. It is a clay-like substance formed by decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Malleable, ductile, good conductor. Used in electrical cables/electronics. Balaghat (MP), Khetri (Raj), Singhbhum (Jharkhand) are mines.

A mineral made of series of plates/leaves. Splits into thin sheets. Excellent di-electric strength, insulating properties. Used in electric/electronic industry.

Conventional (Firewood, Cattle dung, Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Electricity). Non-Conventional (Solar, Wind, Biogas, Tidal, Geothermal, Atomic).

Anthracite (Highest quality). Bituminous (Commercial, high heat). Lignite (Low grade brown coal, high moisture). Peat (Low carbon).

In anticlines and fault traps of tertiary rocks. Mumbai High, Gujarat (Ankleshwar), Assam (Digboi).

Clean energy resource found with or without petroleum. Used as CNG (vehicles) and fertilizer industry feedstock. HBJ pipeline transports it.

Obtained by altering structure of atoms (Uranium/Thorium). Heat released is used to generate electricity.

Gas produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste. Higher thermal efficiency than kerosene/dung cake.

Minerals are non-renewable. Use efficiently. Recycle metals. Use substitutes.

India is a tropical country. Huge possibility. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight to electricity.

Heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. (Parvati Valley, Puga Valley).

Teeth are made of minerals.

99% of minerals found in Peninsular rocks.

Odisha-Jharkhand belt: Hematite iron ore.

Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: Bailadila mines (Export to Japan/Korea).

Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt: Kudremukh mines (100% export).

Maharashtra-Goa belt: Marmagao port.

Odisha is largest Bauxite producer (Panchpatmali).

Aluminium is light and strong.

Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt: Mica.

Limestone: Basic raw material for cement.

Hazards of mining: 'Killer Industry'.

Dust causes lung diseases (Silicosis).

Fire in coal mines.

Coal types: Gondwana (200 mn years) and Tertiary (55 mn years).

Gondwana coal: Damodar valley (Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro).

Tertiary coal: NE states.

Mumbai High produces 63% petroleum.

Digboi is oldest oil field.

Monazite sands in Kerala contain Thorium.

Nuclear Plants: Tarapur (Mah), Rawat Bhata (Raj), Kalpakkam (TN), Narora (UP), Kakrapar (Guj), Kaiga (Kar).

Wind Power: Nagercoil to Madurai (TN) is famous.

Tidal Energy: Gulf of Khambhat/Kuchchh.

Energy saved is energy produced.

Geological formation takes millions of years