Nationalism in India

It created a new economic and political situation. Defense expenditure increased, leading to loans and taxes (Income Tax introduced). Prices doubled (1913-18). Forced recruitment in villages caused anger. Crop failure and influenza epidemic (1918-19, 1920-21) killed millions.

A novel method of mass agitation introduced by Mahatma Gandhi. It emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A Satyagrahi could win by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhi called for a 'Rowlatt Satyagraha' against this unjust law.

General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on a peaceful crowd gathered to attend Baisakhi fair and protest. Hundreds were killed. Dyer wanted to produce a 'moral effect' and create terror.

To protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Khilafat wrong, and to demand Swaraj. Gandhi proposed renunciation of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, and schools.

The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. Rumours spread that a harsh treaty would be imposed on the Khalifa (spiritual head of Islamic world). The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay (1919) by Ali brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) to defend the Khalifa's powers. Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

In Feb 1922, at Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur), a peaceful demonstration turned violent and protestors burnt a police station, killing 22 policemen. Gandhi felt the movement was turning violent and called it off.

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

A Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. It did not have a single Indian member. It was greeted with 'Go back Simon'.

Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress formalized the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' (Full Independence). 26 Jan 1930 was declared Independence Day.

Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin with 11 demands. The most stirring was to abolish the salt tax. He started the march from Sabarmati to Dandi (240 miles) with 78 volunteers. On 6 April 1930, he broke the salt law by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement.

In Non-Cooperation, people were asked not to cooperate. In Civil Disobedience, they were asked to break colonial laws (Salt law, forest laws, chowkidari tax).

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He led the movement in Peshawar with his 'Red Shirts' (Khudai Khidmatgars).

Gandhi agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release political prisoners. The conference failed for India.

An agreement between Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar. It gave the Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Gandhi designed it in 1921. It was a tricolour (red, green, white) with a spinning wheel in the centre (representing self-help).

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s. Included in his novel Anandamath.

It came partly through united struggles and partly through cultural processes like history, fiction, folklore, songs, and prints. The image of Bharat Mata was created.

Abanindranath Tagore (1905). She is portrayed as an ascetic figure - calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.

They participated in large numbers. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.

Gandhiji returned to India in Jan 1915.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917) - Indigo planters.

Kheda Satyagraha (1917) - Peasants asking for revenue remission.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) - Cotton mill workers.

Hartal against Rowlatt Act on 6 April 1919.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: 13 April 1919.

General Dyer ordered the firing.

Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay (1919).

Nagpur Session (Dec 1920) adopted Non-Cooperation.

Oudh Kisan Sabha headed by J.L. Nehru and Baba Ramchandra.

Alluri Sitaram Raju led tribal revolt in Andhra (Gudem Hills).

Raju claimed he had special powers (could survive bullet shots).

Inland Emigration Act (1859) restricted plantation workers.

Chauri Chaura incident: Feb 1922.

Swaraj Party formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.

Simon Commission arrived in 1928.

Lala Lajpat Rai died protesting Simon Commission.

Purna Swaraj resolution: Lahore 1929.

Salt March started 12 March 1930.

Reached Dandi 6 April 1930.

Depressed Classes Association organized by Ambedkar in 1930.

Poona Pact signed in Sept 1932.

FICCI formed in 1927 (G.D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas).

Natesa Sastri published 'The Folklore of Southern India'.

Flag of 1921 had spinning wheel.

'Hind Swaraj' written by Gandhi (1909).

Quit India Movement launched in 1942.

'Do or Die' slogan by Gandhi.

Matangini Hazra was shot holding the flag.

Kanaklata Barua was a martyr.

Sense of collective belonging is Nationalism.

Gandhi returns to India

Jallianwala Bagh / Rowlatt Act

Non-Cooperation Movement launched

Chauri Chaura / NCM called off

Purna Swaraj Resolution

Salt March / Civil Disobedience

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Quit India Movement