It is Electrical because it involves the movement of ions (Na+, K+) across the axonal membrane, creating a potential difference. It is Chemical because the transmission across a synapse usually requires the release of chemical substances called neurotransmitters (e.g., Acetylcholine).

The Corpus Callosum is the bridge of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. If severed, communication between the left and right sides of the brain is lost ("Split-brain"). For example, the person might see an object but be unable to name it if the visual info stays in the non-verbal hemisphere.

The Medulla contains the autonomic centers that regulate life-sustaining involuntary activities, including Respiration (breathing rhythm), Cardiovascular reflexes (heart rate and BP), and Gastric secretions. Any damage here is usually fatal.

This principle states that a neuron will generate an action potential only if the stimulus reaches a certain Threshold intensity. Once triggered, the magnitude of the impulse remains constant regardless of the stimulus strength. If the threshold is not met, no impulse is generated at all.

Vision in dim light (scotopic vision) is managed by Rods, which contain the pigment Rhodopsin (Visual purple). Rhodopsin is synthesized from Vitamin A. Deficiency of Vitamin A leads to low rhodopsin production, making it difficult for rods to detect low levels of light.

Depolarization only at Nodes of Ranvier; saves time and ATP pumps.

Precision of voluntary movements and maintaining posture/equilibrium.

Synapse is the whole junction; Cleft is just the physical gap between them.

Regulates body temp (thermostat), hunger (satiety), and water balance.

Retina of the eye.

Receptor -> Afferent nerve -> Interneuron (in spinal cord) -> Efferent nerve -> Effector.

Local circuits created by Na+ influx stimulate adjacent dormant regions.

Cyton (Cell body), Axon, and Dendrites.

Outer: Dura mater, Middle: Arachnoid, Inner: Pia mater.

Form myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System.

Blind spot: No photoreceptors. Fovea: Highest density of cones (clarity).

Equalizes pressure on either side of the eardrum (tympanum).

Enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine to stop continuous stimulation.

Grey: Cell bodies/dendrites. White: Myelinated axons.

Dendrite -> Cyton -> Axon -> Axon terminal.