Industries

An economic activity concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals, or provision of services.

Secondary Activity. It changes raw materials into products of more value.

Based on: 1. Raw Materials (Agro, Mineral, Marine, Forest). 2. Size (Small scale, Large scale). 3. Ownership (Private, Public, Joint, Co-operative).

Use plant and animal based products as raw materials (Food processing, Cotton textile, Dairy, Leather).

Primary industries that use mineral ores as raw materials. The product of this industry feeds other industries (Iron made from Iron ore is used for machines).

Small Scale: Cottage industry (basket weaving), less capital, manual labour. Large Scale: Heavy machinery, high investment, mass production (Auto, Iron & Steel).

Industries owned and operated by the government (SAIL, HAL).

Owned and operated by the state and individuals jointly (Maruti Udyog).

Owned and operated by the producers/suppliers of raw materials or workers (Amul, Sudha Dairy).

Availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, and market.

Consists of Inputs (raw material, labour, cost), Processes (ginning, spinning, weaving), and Outputs (shirt, profit).

Eastern North America, Western/Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia. In India: Mumbai-Pune, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu, Hugli, Chotanagpur.

Iron ore + Coal + Limestone -> Blast Furnace (Smelting) -> Pig Iron -> Steel.

Almost everything we use is made of iron/steel (Ships, Trains, Trucks, Safety Pins). Machinery, tools, and construction materials rely on steel.

Pittsburgh. Earlier it was near Lake Superior (raw material).

Sakchi (Jharkhand), near the confluence of Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. chosen for TISCO in 1907 due to water, iron ore, coal, and railway proximity.

Spinning and weaving cloth from cotton. One of the oldest industries. Before machines, it was hand spinning.

Located in Gujarat (cotton growing belt). Humid climate good for spinning. Flat land. Port nearby. Called 'Manchester of India'.

Known as 'Manchester of Japan'. Flat land, warm humid climate, water from Yodo river. Raw cotton is imported (Egypt, India, USA).

The process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.

Industry is a secondary activity.

Agro-based: Food, textile, leather.

Mineral-based: Iron and Steel.

Marine-based: Sea food, fish oil.

Forest-based: Paper, furniture.

Cottage industry: Pottery, weaving.

Private Sector: Reliance, Tata.

Public Sector: HAL, BHEL.

Joint Sector: Maruti Udyog.

Co-operative: Amul, Mother Dairy.

Inputs: Raw material, Labour.

Processes: Converting raw to finish.

Outputs: End product.

Industrial regions are near ports/coal.

Iron & Steel is a feeder industry.

Steel made from Iron Ore, Coal, Limestone.

Ratio is 4 (Iron) : 2 (Coal) : 1 (Limestone).

Smelting happens in blast furnace.

Steel is tough and can be shaped.

Alloys: Steel + Nickel/Chromium to prevent rust.

TISCO started in 1907 at Sakchi.

Jamshedpur is a planned industrial city.

Pittsburgh is Steel City of USA.

Great Lakes provide cheap transport.

Textile implies weaving.

Muslins of Dhaka were famous.

Chintzes of Masulipatnam were famous.

Calicos of Calicut were famous.

Power loom invented in Britain (18th cen).

First textile mill in India: Mumbai (1854).

Ahmedabad is Manchester of India.

Ahmedabad mill established in 1859.

Osaka is Manchester of Japan.

Osaka imports all raw materials.

Information Technology (IT) is emerging.

Silicon Valley is in California.

Bangalore is Silicon Plateau of India.

Sunrise Industries: IT, Wellness, Hospitality.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) - MIC gas leak.

Union Carbide factory disaster.

Risk reduction measures are needed.

Industrial pollution affects air/water.

Treatment of effluents is necessary.

Bangalore has mild climate.

Bangalore has skilled workforce.

TISCO established

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

First mechanized textile mill in Mumbai