The National Movement: 1870s-1947 - Long Answer Questions
The feeling of oneness and a shared consciousness that the country belongs to all its people, regardless of class, caste, or religion.
Passed by Lord Lytton. It disallowed Indians from possessing arms.
It allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers if they published anything 'objectionable'.
In 1883, the govt tried to introduce a bill allowing Indian judges to try British/European persons. White opposition forced its withdrawal. This enraged Indians and highlighted racial attitudes.
In December 1885, at Bombay. 72 delegates met. A.O. Hume played a part.
Early leaders (Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Gokhale) who believed in 'prayer and petition'. They wanted gradual reforms and greater representation.
Leaders like Lal-Bal-Pal (Lal Bahadur Shastri? No - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal) who criticized Moderates. They believed in self-reliance and Swaraj.
Self-rule. Tilak said, 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it'.
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal to 'improve administration', but actually to divide the Bengali people and weaken the national movement. East Bengal was merged with Assam.
Launched against the Partition of Bengal. It advocated using Indian goods and boycotting British goods. Bonfires of foreign cloth were lit.
Rowlatt Act Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
On 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi), General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering in Amritsar, killing hundreds.
Led by Gandhi. Boycott of schools, colleges, courts, and councils. Giving up titles. Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das gave up practice.
Due to the Chauri Chaura incident (Feb 1922) where a mob burnt a police station killing 22 policemen. Gandhi wanted non-violence.
Gandhi marched from Sabarmati to Dandi to break the Salt Law (Civil Disobedience). Salt was a monopoly of the state and taxed.
Launched in Aug 1942 during WWII. Gandhi gave the call 'Do or Die'. Massive protests. Leaders jailed.
Formed in 1906. Initially demanded separate electorates. Later (1940) demanded 'Independent States' (Pakistan).
A radical leader who formed the Indian National Army (INA) to fight the British from outside India.
The theory that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations, used by the League to demand Pakistan.
On 15 August 1947. But it was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
The National Movement: 1870s-1947 - Important Facts
INC formed in 1885.
A.O. Hume was a retired civil servant.
Dadabhai Naoroji was the 'Grand Old Man of India'.
W.C. Bonnerji was the first INC President.
Partition of Bengal in 1905 by Curzon.
Swadeshi means 'of one's own country'.
Vande Mataram became the movement's song.
All India Muslim League formed in 1906 (Dhaka).
Surat Split (1907) between Moderates/Radicals.
Lucknow Pact (1916) brought INC and League together.
Home Rule Leagues started by Tilak and Annie Besant.
Gandhiji arrived from South Africa in 1915.
Champaran (1917), Kheda (1918), Ahmedabad (1918) were early satyagrahas.
Rowlatt Act (1919) curbed fundamental rights.
Jallianwala Bagh (1919) shocked the nation.
Knighthood renounced by Rabindranath Tagore.
Khilafat Movement supported by Gandhi.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).
Chauri Chaura incident (1922).
Swaraj Party formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.
Simon Commission (1927) had no Indian members.
Lala Lajpat Rai died due to lathi charge.
Bhagat Singh threw a bomb in Assembly.
Purna Swaraj resolution (1929) at Lahore.
Dandi March (1930) started Civil Disobedience.
Government of India Act 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy.
Congress formed governments in 1937.
Quit India Movement (1942).
INA formed by Subhas Chandra Bose.
Cabinet Mission (1946) failed.
Direct Action Day (16 Aug 1946) led to riots.
Mountbatten Plan led to Partition.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Frontier Gandhi).
Sarojini Naidu was first Indian woman Congress President.
Ambika Charan Mazumdar was president in 1916.
Maulana Azad was a great scholar.
C. Rajagopalachari was the first Indian Governor-General.
Sardar Patel integrated the states.
Revolutionary terrorists wanted violence.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
RSS and Communist Party also grew.
Bhimrao Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Dalits.
Poona Pact (1932) saved the situation.
Women joined the freedom struggle in large numbers.
Amrit Kaur, Sucheta Kripalani were leaders.
Freedom came with the pain of Partition.
Refugee crisis followed.
The National Movement: 1870s-1947 - Important Dates/Terms
Formation of INC
Partition of Bengal
Jallianwala Bagh
Dandi March
Quit India Movement
Independence