People as Resource

It is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. It emphasizes their ability to contribute to the GNP.

When the existing 'human resource' is further developed by spending on education and health, it is called human capital formation. It adds to the productive power of the country.

Economic: Activities that add value to the national income (Market activities for pay/profit). Non-economic: Production for self-consumption (e.g., cooking for family).

Primary (Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining), Secondary (Manufacturing), Tertiary (Trade, Transport, Banking, Education, Health).

A significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years.

Implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children in schools and improve their nutritional status.

It exists when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

Happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year (mostly in agriculture).

When people appear to be employed but are not fully utilized. e.g., 8 people working on a plot where 5 are enough. The extra 3 add nothing to output.

Common in urban areas. Matriculate, graduate, and postgraduate youth cannot find jobs.

A healthy person can work efficiently and maximize output. An unhealthy person is a liability.

Sakal: Educated, healthy, got a job in software firm, added to family income. Vilas: Uneducated, unhealthy (arthritis), fished like his father, earned little. Shows importance of human capital.

Educated parents invest in child's education/health, creating a cycle of development.

Uneducated/disadvantaged parents keep their children in similar state, creating a cycle of poverty.

Due to lower literacy and skill levels compared to men in the unorganized sector. Also social bias.

Literacy rate, health (life expectancy), and skill formation.

Death of a child under one year of age.

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Agriculture (Primary). But recent trend is decline due to disguised unemployment. People moving to Secondary/Tertiary.

They invested heavily in human resources (Education/Health) despite lacking natural resources. They import resources and use efficient people to become rich.

Investment in human capital gives high return.

Green Revolution = Knowledge success.

IT Revolution = Human capital success.

Sakal designed a new software.

Vilas sold fish.

Women work double burden (Domestic + Field).

Domestic work is not counted in National Income.

Literacy rate arose from 18% (1951) to 74% (2011).

Male literacy is higher than female.

Navodaya Vidyalayas are for talented rural kids.

Vocational streams developed.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) targets 30% in higher ed.

Distance education uses technology.

Health expenditure increased.

IMR dropped significantly.

Workforce population is 15-59 years.

Disguised unemployment leads to low productivity.

Tertiary sector includes Biotech/IT now.

Asset vs Liability.

Japan is a developed country.

RTE came into force

First Five Year Plan