Prevention Of Drug Abuse And Sexually Transmitted Diseases NCERT Solutions Class 9th | Asterisk ClassesPrevention Of Drug Abuse And Sexually Transmitted Diseases NCERT Solutions Class 9th | Asterisk Classes

Prevention of Drug Abuse and sexually transmitted diseases NCERT Solutions Class 9th

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Prevention of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS

Prevention of Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS

1. What does the term addiction mean?

Addiction refers to the physical or psychological dependence on substances like drugs, alcohol, or tobacco, which are difficult to stop despite harmful consequences.

2. Define drug.

A drug is any chemical substance that, when taken, alters the body’s functions, either physically or mentally.

3. What is substance abuse?

Substance abuse is the excessive and harmful use of drugs or chemicals, such as alcohol, tobacco, or narcotics, for non-medical purposes.

4. Write various problems suffered by adolescents.

  • Peer pressure leading to risky behaviors.
  • Emotional stress and anxiety.
  • Physical changes during puberty.
  • Risk of substance abuse.
  • Social isolation or family conflicts.

5. Write the characteristics of drug addiction.

  • Strong urge or craving to use drugs.
  • Loss of control over drug use.
  • Tolerance (increasing dosage needed for the same effect).
  • Physical or psychological withdrawal symptoms when not using.

6. Write the symptoms of drug addiction.

  • Sudden mood changes or irritability.
  • Lack of interest in daily activities.
  • Weight loss or gain.
  • Slurred speech and drowsiness.
  • Poor performance in studies or work.

7. “Adolescents are more prone to substance abuse”. Justify the statement.

  • Curiosity and experimentation.
  • Influence of peer pressure.
  • Lack of awareness about the harmful effects.
  • Emotional stress during adolescence.
  • Easy availability of substances in certain environments.

8. How do the drugs influence the human brain?

Drugs interfere with the brain’s neurotransmitters, affecting its functioning. They can:

  • Alter mood and behavior.
  • Cause dependency by releasing excessive dopamine.
  • Impair memory, focus, and decision-making abilities.

9. Write a note on different types of drugs.

  • Stimulants: Increase alertness (e.g., cocaine, caffeine).
  • Depressants: Slow down brain activity (e.g., alcohol, sleeping pills).
  • Hallucinogens: Cause hallucinations (e.g., LSD, ecstasy).
  • Narcotics: Pain relievers that are highly addictive (e.g., heroin, morphine).

10. Describe the four symptoms of drug addiction.

  • Compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
  • Withdrawal symptoms like anxiety and nausea.
  • Neglecting responsibilities at school or home.
  • Physical health issues, such as weight loss.

11. What are the reasons for drug abuse?

  • Peer pressure.
  • Curiosity or experimentation.
  • Mental health issues like stress or depression.
  • Media influence.
  • Easy availability of drugs.

12. What are STDs? Name a few.

STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) are infections spread through sexual contact. Examples include:

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Syphilis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia
  • Herpes

13. Give the full form of AIDS & HIV.

AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

14. Enlist the modes of transmission of AIDS.

  • Unprotected sexual contact.
  • Sharing infected needles or syringes.
  • Transfusion of infected blood.
  • From infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

15. What are the common myths related to the transmission of AIDS?

  • AIDS spreads through casual contact like hugging or handshakes.
  • AIDS spreads through mosquito bites.
  • HIV can be spread by sharing utensils or food.
  • AIDS is only a disease of certain groups of people.

16. What measures would you recommend to prevent/check the spread of AIDS?

  • Use protection (like condoms) during sexual contact.
  • Avoid sharing needles or syringes.
  • Ensure blood is tested for HIV before transfusion.
  • Educate people about HIV/AIDS prevention.
  • Provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected mothers.

17. Name at least two methods used for detection of HIV infection.

  • ELISA Test (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay).
  • Western Blot Test.

18. How should an AIDS patient be treated?

  • Provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to manage the virus.
  • Offer emotional and psychological support.
  • Promote a healthy diet and hygiene.
  • Prevent opportunistic infections with proper care.
  • Avoid discrimination and provide social support.

19. What are the four symptoms of AIDS?

  • Severe weight loss (wasting syndrome).
  • Persistent fever and night sweats.
  • Chronic diarrhea.
  • Frequent infections like tuberculosis and pneumonia.

(A) Match the Following

  1. Opioids – Papaver somniferum
  2. Cannabinoids – Cannabis sativa
  3. Coca alkaloids – Erythroxylum coca
  4. Tobacco – Nicotiana tabacum

Fill in the Blanks

  1. The word drug has been derived from Dutch word droog.
  2. Nicotiana tabacum belongs to family Solanaceae.
  3. The substance which decreases functional efficiency is called drug.
  4. Tobacco is a stimulant product.
  5. The vital organ which is affected by tobacco is lungs.

(B) Match the Following

  1. Mode of transmission – Blood transfusion
  2. Gonorrhea – Bacterial origin
  3. Causative Agent – HIV
  4. Symptoms of AIDS – Sudden weight loss

Notes of prevention of drug abuse and sexually transmitted diseases NCERT Solutions Class 9th

Prevention of Drug Abuse

1. Introduction to Drug Abuse

  • Definition: Drug abuse refers to the habitual misuse of substances like alcohol, narcotics, and prescription drugs for non-medical purposes, leading to physical, mental, and social problems.
  • Common Drugs Abused:
    • Alcohol
    • Nicotine (found in tobacco)
    • Cannabis (marijuana, hashish)
    • Opioids (heroin, morphine)
    • Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine)
    • Hallucinogens (LSD, ecstasy)

2. Causes of Drug Abuse

  1. Peer Pressure: Pressure from friends or social groups.
  2. Curiosity: Wanting to try something new and risky.
  3. Stress and Mental Health Issues: Escape from anxiety, depression, or family problems.
  4. Media Influence: Movies or advertisements promoting drug use indirectly.
  5. Easy Availability: Access to substances at a young age.

3. Effects of Drug Abuse

  1. Physical Effects:
    • Damage to the liver, lungs, and heart.
    • Weight loss, weakened immune system.
    • Risk of HIV/AIDS due to sharing of needles.
  2. Mental Effects:
    • Memory loss, hallucinations, mood swings.
    • Loss of focus and concentration.
  3. Social Effects:
    • Family conflicts, loss of relationships.
    • Drop in academic performance.
  4. Legal Problems:
    • Punishable offenses related to drug possession or distribution.

Example:

  • Excessive alcohol use can lead to liver cirrhosis.
  • Tobacco usage is linked to lung cancer.

4. Prevention of Drug Abuse

  1. Education and Awareness:
    • Educating students about the harmful effects of drugs.
    • Organizing campaigns and awareness programs.
  2. Parental Support:
    • Strong family support helps prevent emotional distress.
    • Monitoring the child’s behavior and social circle.
  3. Counseling and Therapy:
    • For individuals struggling with addiction.
    • Encouraging rehabilitation programs.
  4. Strict Laws and Regulations:
    • Banning the sale of drugs and alcohol to minors.
    • Regular monitoring of drug trafficking.
  5. Healthy Lifestyle:
    • Promoting sports, yoga, and creative hobbies to avoid idle time.

Example: Schools and community centers can host anti-drug campaigns.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

1. Introduction to STDs

  • Definition: STDs are infections spread primarily through sexual contact.
  • Common STDs:
    • HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
    • Syphilis
    • Gonorrhea
    • Chlamydia
    • Herpes
    • Hepatitis B and C

2. Causes of STDs

  • Unprotected Sexual Contact: Engaging in sexual activity without protection (e.g., condoms).
  • Sharing Needles: Among drug users, leading to infections like HIV.
  • Infected Blood Transfusion: Receiving infected blood.
  • From Mother to Child: Transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Example: A person using shared needles may contract HIV.

3. Symptoms of STDs

  • Symptoms vary depending on the disease but commonly include:
    • Sores or ulcers around genitals.
    • Burning sensation while urinating.
    • Unusual discharge from reproductive organs.
    • Fever, fatigue, and weight loss (HIV/AIDS).

Example:

  • Gonorrhea causes a burning sensation during urination.
  • HIV can remain symptomless for years but damages the immune system over time.

4. Effects of STDs

  • Physical Effects:
    • Permanent damage to reproductive organs.
    • Infertility in men and women.
  • Mental Effects:
    • Depression, anxiety due to social stigma.
  • Impact on Offspring:
    • Infected mothers can pass the disease to their children.
    • Birth defects, low immunity, or stillbirths.

Example: Untreated syphilis can lead to paralysis or blindness.

5. Prevention of STDs

  1. Safe Sexual Practices:
    • Use of condoms during sexual intercourse.
    • Avoid multiple sexual partners.
  2. Regular Medical Check-Ups:
    • Regular screening for STDs for early diagnosis and treatment.
  3. Avoid Sharing Needles:
    • Prevent needle sharing among drug users.
  4. Blood Screening:
    • Ensure safe and tested blood during transfusions.
  5. Awareness Programs:
    • Educating adolescents about reproductive health and STDs.

Example: Government programs promoting the use of contraceptives like condoms.

6. Government Initiatives to Prevent STDs

  1. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP): Focuses on prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.
  2. Awareness Campaigns: Promoting safe practices via media and education.
  3. Free Medical Facilities: Providing free diagnosis and treatment of STDs in government hospitals.

HIV and AIDS

1. What is HIV and AIDS?

  • HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T-cells), which help the body fight infections.
  • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely damaged, and the body cannot fight off infections or diseases.

HIV does not mean the person has AIDS immediately. Without proper treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS over time.

2. How HIV Attacks the Body

  • HIV enters the body and infects CD4 cells.
  • The virus uses the CD4 cells to replicate itself.
  • Gradually, the virus destroys the CD4 cells, weakening the immune system.
  • When the CD4 cell count drops below a critical level, the person develops AIDS and becomes vulnerable to life-threatening infections, called opportunistic infections.

3. Stages of HIV Infection

  1. Acute HIV Infection:
    • Occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure.
    • Flu-like symptoms: fever, sore throat, rash, swollen lymph nodes.
    • High viral load (virus replicates rapidly).
  2. Chronic HIV Infection (Clinical Latency):
    • The virus is active but reproduces slowly.
    • May have no symptoms; this stage can last for several years.
  3. AIDS:
    • Final stage where the immune system is severely damaged.
    • CD4 count falls below 200 cells/mm³ (normal count is 500–1600).
    • Opportunistic infections like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and cancers occur.

4. Transmission of HIV

HIV is spread through body fluids like:

  • Blood
  • Semen
  • Vaginal fluids
  • Breast milk

Common Modes of Transmission:

  1. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
  2. Sharing contaminated needles (e.g., among drug users).
  3. Transfusion of infected blood.
  4. From an infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

5. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

  • Early Stage:
    • Fever, chills, sore throat, rash, muscle pain.
  • Chronic Stage:
    • Weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infections.
  • AIDS Stage:
    • Severe weight loss (wasting syndrome).
    • Chronic diarrhea.
    • Night sweats and recurrent fever.
    • Opportunistic infections: Tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, candidiasis, and cancers like Kaposi’s sarcoma.

6. Prevention of HIV/AIDS

  1. Safe Sexual Practices:
    • Use condoms during sexual intercourse.
    • Avoid multiple sexual partners.
  2. Avoid Sharing Needles:
    • Never share syringes or sharp instruments.
  3. Safe Blood Transfusion:
    • Ensure blood is screened for HIV before transfusion.
  4. Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission:
    • Pregnant HIV-positive mothers must take antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent transmission.
  5. Regular Testing:
    • Regular HIV tests for early detection and treatment.

7. Diagnosis of HIV

  • ELISA Test: Detects HIV antibodies in the blood.
  • Western Blot Test: Confirms HIV infection.
  • CD4 Count: Measures the number of CD4 cells.
  • Viral Load Test: Determines the amount of HIV in the blood.

8. Treatment of HIV/AIDS

  • HIV cannot be completely cured, but it can be managed with:
    • Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A combination of drugs that reduces the viral load in the blood.
    • ART helps people with HIV live longer, healthier lives and reduces the risk of spreading the virus.

9. Myths and Misconceptions

  • HIV does not spread through:
    • Touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
    • Sharing utensils, food, or water.
    • Mosquito bites or casual contact.

10. Impact of HIV/AIDS

  • Health: Weakens the immune system, leading to other infections and diseases.
  • Social: Stigma and discrimination toward HIV-positive individuals.
  • Economic: High treatment costs and loss of productivity.

11. Role of Awareness and Education

Governments run campaigns like the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) to spread awareness.

Educating people about HIV prevention, transmission, and treatment can reduce the spread of the virus.

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